Correlations of inhaled NO with the cTnI levels and the plasma clotting factor in rabbits with acute massive pulmonary embolism

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the correlation of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) on plasma levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and von Willebrand factor (vWF), glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa, granule membrane protein 140 (GMP-140) in rabbits with acute massive pulmonary embolism (PE). Methods: Thirty apanese white rabbits were divided into 3 groups, thrombus were injected in model group (n = 10), NO were inhalated for 24 h after massive PE in NO group (n = 10), saline were injected in control group (n = 10). The concentrations of vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, GMP-140 and cTnI were tested at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h, Correlation analyses were conducted between cTnI and vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140 by Pearson's correlation. Results: The concentration of cTnI and vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140 was increased in the model group, compared to control group. In the inhaled group, the concentrations of cTnI, vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140 were reduced compared to model group. There was a positive correlation between cTnI and vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140. Conclusion: Inhaled nitric oxide can lead to a decrease in levels of cardiac troponin I, von Willebrand factor, glycoprotein, and granule membrane protein 140, after an established myocardial damage, provoked by acute massive pulmonary embolism.

Costo efectividad y análisis de impacto presupuestario del óxido nítrico inhalatorio neonatal en un hospital, desde la perspectiva del sistema público de salud / Cost effectiveness and budget impact analysis of inhaled nitric oxide in a neonatal unit from the perspective of the public health system

El óxido nítrico inhalatorio (ONi) es actualmente la terapia de primera línea en la insuficiencia respiratoria hipoxémica grave del recién nacido; la mayor parte de los centros neonatales de regiones en Chile no cuentan con esta alternativa terapéutica. Objetivo: Determinar el costo-efectividad del ONi en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia respiratoria asociada a hipertensión pulmonar del recién nacido, comparado con el cuidado habitual y el traslado a un centro de mayor complejidad. Pacientes y método: Se modeló un árbol de decisiones clínicas desde la perspectiva del sistema de salud público chileno, se calcularon razones de costo-efectividad incremental (ICER), se realizó análisis de sensibilidad determinístico y probabilístico, se estimó el impacto presupuestario, software: TreeAge Health Care Pro 2014. Resultados: La alternativa ONi produce un aumento promedio en los costos de 11,7 millones de pesos por paciente tratado, con una razón de costo-efectividad incremental comparado con el cuidado habitual de 23 millones de pesos por muerte o caso de oxigenación extracorpórea evitada. Al sensibilizar los resultados por incidencia, encontramos que a partir de 7 casos tratados al año resulta menos costoso el óxido nítrico que el traslado a un centro de mayor complejidad. Conclusiones: Desde la perspectiva de un hospital regional chileno incorporar ONi en el manejo de la insuficiencia respiratoria neonatal resulta la alternativa óptima en la mayoría de los escenarios posibles.

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is currently the first-line therapy in severe hypoxaemic respiratory failure of the newborn. Most of regional neonatal centres in Chile do not have this therapeutic alternative. Objective: To determine the cost effectiveness of inhaled nitric oxide in the treatment of respiratory failure associated with pulmonary hypertension of the newborn compared to the usual care, including the transfer to a more complex unit. Patients and method: A clinical decision tree was designed from the perspective of Chilean Public Health Service. Incremental cost effectiveness rates (ICER) were calculated, deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed, and probabilistic budget impact was estimated using: TreeAge Pro Healthcare 2014 software. Results: The iNO option leads to an increase in mean cost of $ 11.7 million Chilean pesos (€ 15,000) per patient treated, with an ICER compared with the usual care of $ 23 million pesos (€ 30,000) in case of death or ECMO avoided. By sensitising the results by incidence, it was found that from 7 cases and upwards treated annually, inhaled nitric oxide is less costly than the transfer to a more complex unit. Conclusions: From the perspective of a Chilean regional hospital, incorporating inhaled nitric oxide into the management of neonatal respiratory failure is the optimal alternative in most scenarios.

Use of nitric oxide in thoracic surgery for a high risk cardiac patient.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a selective pulmonary vasodilator especially in the presence of pulmonary artery hypertension. With right ventricle (RV) dysfunction, inhaled NO may increase RV ejection fraction and cardiac output. The main advantage of NO over intravenous therapy is its inability to decrease systemic pressure thereby maintaining the coronary perfusion pressure and the myocardial perfusion. In this case report, we discuss the use of NO in a routine thoracic surgery patient suffering with severe left ventricular dysfunction and a potential candidate for a very high cardiac risk.

Does nitric oxide improve left ventricular dysfunction complicated with refractory hypoxemia after CABG surgery?

Nitric oxide [NO] may improve left ventrcular dysfunction after cardiac surgery. We have reported a case of severe left ventricular dysfunction and refractory hypoxemia after a two-vessel coronary artery grafting surgery. Different protective ventilation strategies and circulatory support with infusions of epinephrine and dopamine and intra-aortic balloon pumping failed to induce improvements in the cardiopulmonary function. In light of the worsening myocardial function and refractory hypoxemia, inhaled NO 20 ppm was initiated. This was followed by a progressive rapid improvement in the left ventricular function and oxygenation index, and gradual resolution of radiological lung infiltrates. The use of NO inhalation can be a safe and effective treatment modality for the refractory left ventricular dysfunction and worsening hypoxemia after coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG] surgery

Estrategias de prevención y tratamiento en displasia broncopulmonar / Strategies for prevention and treatment of broncopulmonary dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) continues to be a highly frequent sequela of low birth weight infants. This, despite the many recent advances in perinatal medicine that include antenatal steroids, exogenous surfactant, new strategies for mechanical respiratory support, parenteral nutrition improvements and a more judicious use of supplemental oxygen. The purpose of this review is to analyze and describe the recent advances in the prevention and management of BPD. New preventive therapies have been developed, and vitamin A and caffeine administration have been shown to diminish the incidence of this disorder. Postnatal corticosteroids can also be useful, but due to their negative long-term neurological effects, these medications are not currently recommended. Corticosteroid administration in established BPD can decrease the need for mechanical ventilation and improve lung function. Other preventive interventions such as antioxidant administration and nitric oxide inhalation are currently being investigated. The persistence of the ductus arteriosus is associated with increased risk of BPD, therefore early pharmacologic closure can play a role in preventing this disorder. New modalities of mechanical ventilation, such as synchronized and high frequency ventilation, have not been shown to decrease the incidence of this disease. While a discussion regarding the best type of ventilation to be used still remains, the consensus is that that the lowest inspiratory pressure and lowest oxygen concentration necessary should be utilized to maintain adequate gas exchange. Optimal level of arterial oxygen saturation in premature infants is still controversial, but the current recommended range is between 88 percent and 95 percent. Summary: Vitamin A and caffeine are both effective drugs in the prevention of BPD. The role of early closure of the ductus arteriosus and the use of postnatal administration of corticosteroids in the prevention of BPD are...

La Displasia Broncopulmonar (DBP) es una de las secuelas más frecuentes que afecta al recién nacido de muy bajo peso. Esto es, a pesar de los avances de la medicina perinatal de los últimos años, como la administración de corticoides antenatales, surfactante exógeno, nuevos modos y estrategias de ventilación mecánica, mejoría de la nutrición parenteral y el uso más cuidadoso del oxígeno. El objetivo de la presente revisión es analizar y describir los recientes avances en la prevención y tratamiento de la DBP. Nuevas terapias preventivas han emergido, habiéndose demostrado que la administración de vitamina A y cafeína disminuyen la incidencia de esta afección. Los corticoides postnatales también disminuyen la incidencia de esta enfermedad, pero por sus efectos neurológicos a largo plazo, no se recomiendan actualmente. La administración de corticoides en la DBP establecida reduce el uso de ventilación mecánica y mejora la función pulmonar del recién nacido. Otras intervenciones preventivas como la administración de antioxidantes y óxido nítrico inhalado están siendo estudiadas. La persistencia del ductus arterioso se ha asociado a displasia, por lo cual, el cierre farmacológico precoz podría tener relevancia en la prevención de esta. Los nuevos modos de ventilación mecánica, como la ventilación sincronizada y la ventilación de alta frecuencia, no han disminuido la incidencia de esta enfermedad. Cualquiera sea el tipo de ventilación utilizada, debe aplicarse con la menor presión inspiratoria y concentración de oxígeno requeridas, para mantener un adecuado intercambio gaseoso. El rango de saturación arterial de oxígeno recomendado para el niño prematuro, aún es motivo de estudio, pero la recomendación actual más ampliamente aceptada es aquella que oscila entre 88 por ciento y 95 por ciento. Conclusión: La vitamina A y la cafeína son drogas efectivas en la prevención de la DBP. Faltan estudios para determinar con mayor exactitud el posible...

Validação de um protocolo para o teste de caminhada de seis minutos em esteira para avaliação de pacientes com hipertensão arterial pulmonar / Validation of a treadmill six-minute walk test protocol for the evaluation of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension

OBJETIVO: Elaborar e validar um protocolo para teste de caminhada de seis minutos em esteira (TC6est) para a avaliação de pacientes com hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP). MÉTODOS: A população do estudo foi composta por 73 pacientes com HAP diagnosticados através de cateterismo cardíaco direito, com ou sem inalação de NO. Todos os pacientes realizaram um TC6 em solo e três TC6est baseados em um protocolo de incremento de velocidade pré-determinado e intercalados por um período de repouso. Os pacientes que haviam realizado o teste hemodinâmico com inalação de NO realizaram o terceiro TC6est com a inalação da mesma dose de NO utilizada durante o cateterismo. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram uma correlação da distância caminhada no TC6est com os dados hemodinâmicos, assim como com a classe funcional e com a distância caminhada no solo. Além disso, a distância percorrida no TC6est apresentou uma correlação significativa com a sobrevida, confirmando, portanto, sua correlação com a gravidade da doença. A inalação de NO durante o TC6est levou a variações compatíveis com as variações hemodinâmicas frente à mesma dose de NO, sugerindo que o protocolo em questão pode refletir o efeito de intervenções terapêuticas. CONCLUSÕES: Concluímos que a distância percorrida no TC6est é um marcador funcional e prognóstico na avaliação de rotina de pacientes com HAP.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a protocol for the treadmill six-minute walk test (tread6MWT) to evaluate patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). METHODS:The study population comprised 73 patients with PAH, diagnosed by means of right heart catheterization, with or without NO inhalation. All patients performed a hallway 6MWT and three tread6MWTs based on a pre-determined incremental speed protocol and interposed by a rest period. The patients who had been submitted to hemodynamic testing using NO performed the third tread6MWT while inhaling the same dose of NO that had been used during the catheterization. RESULTS: We found that the treadmill six-minute walk distance (tread6MWD) correlated with hemodynamic data, functional class and the hallway six-minute walk distance (6MWD). In addition, the tread6MWD correlated significantly with survival, thereby confirming the correlation with disease severity. Inhalation of NO during the tread6MWT led to variations that were consistent with the hemodynamic changes induced by the same dose of inhaled NO, suggesting that the protocol developed can reflect the effect of therapeutic interventions. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the tread6MWD is a useful prognostic and functional marker for the routine evaluation of PAH patients.

Correlation of plasma endothelin-1 levels with pulmonary hypertension after inhaled nitric oxide therapy

Variable response to inhaled nitric oxide [iNO] therapy in patients with mitral stenosis [MS] having pulmonary hypertension [PH] has been documented in early studies. The objectives of this study were to measure plasma Endothelin-1 [ET-1] levels in those patients and to correlate them with pulmonary vascular indices after iNO therapy. It was Quesi-experimental study. Thirty patients with mitral or mixed mitral and aortic valve disease with severe pulmonary hypertension and vascular indices and cardiac output were recorded. After the surgery, 10-20 ppm iNO was administered for 1 hour and all the parameters were again recorded. Patients were grouped into responders and non responders on the basis of% reduction in Pulmonary Vascular Resistance [PVR] after iNO therapy. Plasma ET-1 levels were measured in both groups by ELISA before and after the iNO therapy. Paired sample t-test was used to compare mean values for significance. The correlations between variables were then calculated by using Pearson's coefficient. The plasma ET-1 levels were very high in all patients. They reduce in responders after iNO therapy; non-responders paradoxically showed significant increase in the levels of ET-1 after iNO therapy. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed in plasma ET-1 levels and post operative levels of PVR. The correlation of changes in PVR and plasma ET-1 is a key mediator of poor response in PH secondary to MS, after iNO therapy

Teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar / Testing pulmonary vasoreactivity

A hipertensão arterial pulmonar é classificada como idiopática ou secundária (associada a colagenoses, cardiopatias, hipertensão portal, tromboembolismo pulmonar e doenças da vasculatura pulmonar). O teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar é indicado para definir a melhor opção terapêutica. Muitas drogas têm sido utilizadas para a realização desse teste, sendo o óxido nítrico inalado a melhor opção, por apresentar ação específica pulmonar e meia vida muita curta (5-10 s). O resultado desse teste identifica candidatos à cirurgia cardíaca nas cardiopatias congênitas e candidatos ao uso de antagonista de cálcio nas outras formas de hipertensão pulmonar. A realização e interpretação do teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar exigem grande responsabilidade, e erros podem levar a decisões erradas e à ocorrência de óbitos.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is classified as idiopathic or secondary (associated with collagenoses, heart disease, portal hypertension, pulmonary thromboembolism, and pulmonary vascular diseases). Pulmonary vasoreactivity should be tested in order to define the best treatment option. Of the many drugs that have been used to test pulmonary vasoreactivity, inhaled nitric oxide is the best choice, due its specific pulmonary effect and very short half-life (5-10 s). The results of this test identify candidates for heart surgery among patients with congenital heart disease and candidates for the use of calcium antagonists among patients with other forms of pulmonary hypertension. Performing and interpreting the results of such tests are a great responsibility, since mistakes can lead to incorrect treatment decisions, resulting in the death of patients.

Variables hemodinamicas versus hormonas endoteliales en hipertensos y diabéticos tipo 2 con disfunción endotelial / Endothelial hormones versus hemodynamic variables in hypertensive and type 2 diabetics with endothelial dysfunction

La leptina es una hormona peptídica de 167 aminoácidos secretada por el tejido adiposo. Funciona principalmente como una señal de saciedad, actuando en el hipotálamo, pero dadas sus estrechas conexiones con el sistema inflamatorio y endotelial, se ha planteado que además ejerce una acción reguladora sobre la presión arterial, interactuando con el ON (óxido nítrico) y la PCR (proteína C reactiva). La PPF (prueba presora por frío) es una prueba simple que determina en forma indirecta disfunción endotelial. En este trabajo se evaluaron indicadores bioquímicos (PCR, leptina y ON) e indicadores hemodinámicos (PAS y PAD: presión arterial sistólica y diastólica) durante la realización de una PPF en sujetos hipertensos y diabéticos tipo 2 para determinar la presencia de disfunción endotelial. Se incluyeron 43 sujetos, hombres y mujeres, de edades entre 25-60 años divididos en 3 grupos: 15 voluntarios sanos, 13 pacientes con hipertensión, y 15 pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Una historia médica integral fue obtenida para cada sujeto, incluyendo reposo. Durante el experimento, de 30 minutos de duración, se administró solución salina 0,9%. La PPF, se realizó para medir la reactividad cardiaca al minuto 15. Las variables cardiovasculares (FC, PAS y PAD), fueron medidas en el minuto 0, 16 y 30. Muestras séricas se extrajeron al comienzo y al final del experimento, y tras determinar las variables bioquímicas, se realizó el análisis estadístico. La PPF provocó un aumento significativo de la PA y el pulso en todos los grupos. No se apreciaron diferencias significativas para la PCR y la leptina en todos los grupos, pero sí se apreciaron diferencias manifiestas entre grupos para el óxido nítrico (p < 0,05). Los cálculos de sensibilidad y especificidad para las variables bioquímicas individuales no resultaron de significancia estadística o clínica como marcadores de disfunción entotelial, pero sí se halló asociación entre la leptina junto a oxido nítrico (sensibilidad: 20%).

Inhaled nitric oxide in newborns with severe hypoxic respiratory failure.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory failure in term and near term infants is often associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and contributes to hypoxemia in these infants. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is currently used as a pulmonary vasodilator to improve oxygenation in neonates with severe respiratory failure. OBJECTIVE: To determine outcome of administration of iNO in severe hypoxic respiratory failure. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The present study was conducted from 1999 to 2004 in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health. Patients were selected from all infants > or = 34 weeks gestational age who required high frequency oscillatory ventilation (SLE 2000 HFO, SLE, UK) or conventional mechanical ventilation for hypoxemic respiratory failure caused by PPHN. Diagnosis was confirmed by 2-D echocardiogram visualization with right to left shunt through the foramen ovale or patent ductus arteriosus. Inhaled nitric oxide was given as standard therapy in patients who had two oxygenation indices > or = 20 at least 30 minutes apart after being on a mechanical ventilator. RESULTS: Fifty-five cases were enrolled and male to female ratio was 22.2 tol. The survival rate was 76.4 percent. Inhaled nitric oxide significantly improved oxygenation index, arterial alveolar oxygen tension ratio (a/A O2), and alveolar arterial oxygen gradient in survivors at one hour after treatment. The earliest improvement in oxygen saturation was within ten minutes. Meconium aspiration syndrome was the most common underlying cause of PPHN. No acute complication was found during nitric oxide administration. Chronic lung diseases, delayed development and severe hearing loss in long-term follow up were found in 10, 5, and 2 cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: Inhaled nitric oxide should be used early in severe hypoxic respiratory failure with persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn and can improve survival rates without any major immediate side effects.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: an update.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease associated with premature birth and characterized by early lung injury. Over the past 4 decades, there have been significant changes in its definition, pathology and radiological findings as well as management of BPD. Management of the acute phase and later stages of this lung disease continue to evolve. Use of non-invasive ventilatory techniques, recombinant human SOD and CC10 and inhaled NO are some novel approaches that are being studied. Adequate nutrition is vital to optimize lung growth and repair. The widely accepted practice of prophylaxis against viral infections has markedly decreased the rates of rehospitalization. Infants with BPD, however, continue to have significant pulmonary and neurodevelopmental sequelae. Unraveling the genetic contribution to BPD will potentially pave the way to improved preventive and therapeutic approaches.

Survival Rate Changes in Neonates with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia and its Contributing Factors

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate survival rate changes after the introduction of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) therapy, and to identify the factors that influence these changes in neonates with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) at a single center. A total of 48 neonates were divided into two groups based on the time of admission, i.e., into period I (P1; n=17; before the introduction of iNO therapy) and period II (P2; n=31; after the introduction of iNO therapy). Survival rates of the 48 neonates showed a tendency to increase from 53% during P1 to 77% during P2, but without a statistical significance, but a significant difference was found between survival rates during the two periods after adjusting for initial clinical characteristics, when the postoperative survival rate increased significantly from 69% for P1 to 100% for P2. The mean duration of preoperative respiratory management was significantly longer for P2 than for P1. Seven of 12 patients who received preoperative iNO therapy due to persistent pulmonary hypertension or refractory preductal hypoxemia in P2 survived after operation. We speculate that a management strategy based on iNO therapy and delayed operation, rather than differences between the initial clinical characteristics of the two study groups, might partially contribute to the observed improvements in postoperative and overall survival rates in neonates with CDH.

Óxido nítrico inalatório para crianças com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo: [revisão] / Inhaled nitric oxide for children with acute respiratory distress syndrome: [review]

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O objetivo desse estudo foi rever a literatura sobre a utilização de óxido nítrico inalatório em crianças com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo. CONTEÚDO: Revisão bibliográfica e seleção de publicações mais relevantes sobre óxido nítrico inalatório, utilizando a base de dados MedLine e Cochrane de Revisões Sistemáticas. A revisão incluiu descrição de aspectos da definição, fisiopatologia e tratamento ventilatório da síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, assim como o metabolismo, efeitos biológicos e aplicação clínica do óxido nítrico inalatório, comentando dose, administração e retirada do gás, precações, efeitos adversos e contra-indicações. CONCLUSÕES: O óxido nítrico, vasodilatador pulmonar seletivo, tem efeitos benéficos sobre as trocas gasosas e ventilação em crianças com hipóxia grave. É seguro quando administrado em ambiente de tratamento intensivo sob rigorosa monitorização. Estudos aleatórios e controlados devem enfocar a administração precoce do gás na síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, quando essa é potencialmente reversível.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to review the literature on inhaled nitric oxide to children with acute respiratory distress syndrome. CONTENTS: A review of literature and selection of the most important publications on inhaled nitric oxide, using the MedLine and Cochrane Systematic Review Databases. This review was organized as follows: introduction; metabolism and biological effects; clinical applications; dosage, gas administration and weaning process; warnings and side-effects. Inhaled nitric oxide use was described in acute respiratory distress syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Inhaled nitric oxide as the first vasodilator to produce selective pulmonary vasodilation has beneficial effects on gas exchange and ventilation, improving outcome in children with severe hypoxia. It is safe when administered in intensive care units under strict surveillance and monitoring. Further studies should be concentrated on early treatment, when acute respiratory distress syndrome is potentially reversible.

Ventilatory strategies and adjunctive therapy in ARDS.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome, a diagnosis based on physiologic and radiological criteria, occurs commonly in critical care setting. A major challenge in evaluating therapies that may improve survival in ARDS is that it is not a single disease entity but, rather, numerous different diseases that result in endothelial injury, where the most obvious manifestation is within the lung resulting in pulmonary oedema. It has been shown that poor ventilatory technique that is injurious to the lungs can propagate systemic inflammatory response and adversely affect the mortality. The current data suggest that high tidal volumes with high plateau pressures are deleterious and a strategy of ventilation with lower tidal volumes and lower plateau pressure is associated with lower mortality. There may be a role for recruitment manoeuvres as well. Other forms of respiratory support still require further research. The present understanding of optimal ventilatory management and other adjunctive therapies are reviewed.

Oxido nítrico em criança com asma persistente / Nitric oxide in children with persistent asthma

OBJETIVO: Verificar as diferenças nos valores da fração exalada de óxido nítrico (FeNO) em asmáticos atópicos e não-atópicos em uso de tratamento antiinflamatório e comparar a FeNO com a função pulmonar MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 45 asmáticos persistentes moderados e graves, de 6 a 17 anos, selecionados consecutivamente, em uso de medicação antiinflamatória há pelo menos 1 ano. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: atópicos, isto é, com testes cutâneos positivos, e não-atópicos. As avaliações clínico-funcionais e a mensuração da FeNO foram realizadas concomitantemente. RESULTADOS: Houve predomínio do sexo masculino (62,5 por cento),sendo que cerca de 85 por cento pertenciam à faixa etária de 6 até 13 anos (média, 10,4 anos). Não foi encontrada, nos dois grupos, significância estatística para a presença de sintomas associados à asma (p = 0,07), rinite alérgica (p = 0,17), alergia alimentar (p = 0,09), necessidade de corticóide sistêmico (p = 0,10), antileucotrieno (p = 0,20) e anti-histamínico (p = 0,70), nem para os três parâmetros usados para avaliar a função pulmonar (VEF1, VEF1/CVF e FEF25-75 por cento, p > 0,14). A freqüência de eczema (p < 0,005) e a FeNO (p < 0,001) foram mais elevadas entre os atópicos. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que, entre atópicos, a estabilidade clínica e funcional da asma não reflete, necessariamente, o efetivo controle do processo inflamatório, e que haja, talvez, maior chance de recidiva após a suspensão da medicação anti-inflamatória.

Terapia inalatória com óxido nítrico na hipertensão pulmonar persistente do neonato: cuidado de enfermagem / Nitric oxide inhalation therapy in persistent pulmonary hypertension among newborns: nursing care

Este estudo trata de revisão bibliográfica sobre a utilização do óxido nítrico inalatório em neonatos acometidos de hipertensão pulmonar persistente. Objetiva enfocar os temas relacionados à sua administração e aos cuidados de enfermagem. Realizou-se a coleta de dados empíricos a partir das bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF, Biblioteca COCHRANE e vias não sistemáticas, no período de 1996 a 2003. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram: óxido nítrico, hipertensão pulmonar persistente, terapia intensiva neonatal, neonato, enfermagem neonatal e cuidados de enfermagem. Foram identificadas 190 publicações, 30 das quais se enquadravam nos objetivos da pesquisa. O estudo permitiu a organização do conhecimento produzido, possibilitando a apresentação dos dados em temas relacionados aos equipamentos de administração do óxido nítrico e às condutas ligadas à própria terapêutica, fornecendo subsídios teóricos para a sistematização da assistência de enfermagem, com vistas à eficácia da terapêutica.

Dosificación del óxido nítrico en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 compensados y no compensados de la consulta externa de medicina interna del Hospital Enrique Garcés en el 2005 / Dosage of the nitric oxide in patient with diabetes mellitus type 2 compensated and not compensated of the external consultation of internal medicine of the Hospital Enrique Garcés in the 2005

Desde que en 1987, se demostró que el óxido nítrico (ON) considerado hasta ese momento como un contaminante atmosférico era el factor relajante del endotelio, se iniciaron estudios clínicos y de laboratorio tan numerosos sobre esta sustancia, que en 1992 fue bautizada como la molécula de moda por la revista Science. En la actualidad el ON es considerado el responsable de la relajación vascular constituyéndose en un importante paso metabólico en la conformación y función de los endotelios. El presente trabajo esta encaminado a demostrar si existe o no disminución del oxido nítrico en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, compensados y descompensados en relación con la glucosa basal y hemoglobina glicosilada al momento se consideran que son factores de descompensación metabólica, y usados en clínica como un importante paso metabólico en la conformación y estructura de los endotelios, muchos estudios se han realizado sobre el oxido nítrico los cuales indican que sus alteraciones en sus niveles sericos determinan que existe disfunción endotelial. Se realizo un estudio observacional descriptivo en pacientes que acuden a consulta externa de Medicina Interna del Hospital Enrique Garcés en el año 2005 Respecto a los procedimientos éticos, a cada paciente se le informó del estudio y de los procedimientos a realizarse y se obtuvo su consentimiento firmado. Se encontró que la distribución de la población en cuanto a sexo fue el 85% de mujeres y el porcentaje restante para los hombres, la edad promedio fue de 63 años, el promedio de glucosa basal en pacientes compensados fue de 102mg/dl y en descompensados 158mg/dl. La hemoglobina glicosilada en pacientes compensados 6,6%, en descompensados 8% en promedio. En referencia al oxido nítrico que su valor de referencia para el estudio es de 20uM, considerando esto los niveles promedio de oxido nítrico en pacientes compensados mujeres y hombres fue igual 23uM, en desco...

Pretreatment with N-nitro-L-arginine Methyl Ester Improved Oxygenation After Inhalation of Nitric Oxide in Newborn Piglets with Escherichia coli Pneumonia and Sepsis

We evaluated the effects of a combined therapy of pre-blockade endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and continuous inhaled NO (iNO) on the gas exchange and hemodynamics of Escherichia coli pneumonia and sepsis in newborn piglets. Seven to ten day old ventilated newborn piglets were randomized into 5 groups: control, E. coli pneumonia control, pneumonia with iNO 10 ppm, pneumonia pre-treated with L-NAME 10 mg/kg, and pneumonia with the combined therapy of L-NAME pretreatment and iNO. E. coli pneumonia was induced via intratracheal instillation of Escherichia coli, which resulted in progressively decreased cardiac index and oxygen tension; increased pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI), intrapulmonary shunting, and developed septicemia at the end of 6 hr experiment. iNO ameliorated the progressive hypoxemia and intrapulmonary shunting without affecting the PVRI. Only two of 8 animals with L-NAMEpretreated pneumonia survived. Whereas when iNO was added to infected animals with L-NAME pretreatment, the progressive hypoxemia was abolished as a result of a decrease in intrapulmonary shunting without reverse of the high PVRI and systemic vascular resistance index induced by the L-NAME injection. This result suggests that a NOS blockade may be a possible supportive option for oxygenation by iNO treatment in neonatal Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia and sepsis.